COMMENTS:Cf. PNC *ʔwōrƛ̣_V 'nut'; the same comparison as Bouda (1948). Words for 'hazel tree' are compounds of *hur̄ + *haice 'tree' (q.v.); words for 'walnut' from an obscure first element + *hur̄. The last may also denote other types of nut (see Azkue under INTS̃AUR).
COMMENTS:"It is perfectly clear that this distal demonstrative [*hu-ra] is the source of the modern 'definite article' (absolutive singular -a, absolutive plural -ak)" (Trask 1997: 199).
MEANING:1 leg, paw (of animal) 2 leg (human) 3 hip 4 buttock
BZK:anka 1
GIP:anka 1
ANV:anka 1
BNV:hanka 3
LAB:hanka 2, 3
BZT:anka 1
ZBR:anka 3
RNC:anka 4
COMMENTS:Often thought to be of Germanic origin: cf. MHG hanke 'Schenkel, Hüfte' > Fr. hanche, It., Sp. anca 'haunch', etc. "The absence of [the change of *-nk- > -ng-] points to a rather late borrowing" (Trask). However, the meanings (esp. in BZK, GIP, ANV) are quite different from 'haunch'.
COMMENTS:Base form *ɦardo, other forms compounded with *gai 'thing, material' (q.v.). Azkue explains that this tinder is made from a kind of fungus (amadou). This word was secondarily confused and blended with Bsq gardu, kardu 'thistle', which is distinct and a loanword from Romance (carduus).
COMMENTS:Trask (1995, 1997) following Michelena (1961) derives this word from a personal name, Acenari. In this analysis that proposal is considered semantically and historically improbable, since nothing is known about the character or personality of the person designated as Acenari, that would lead to his name becoming the Bsq word for 'fox', as there is for the fictional Reynard > French renard.; furthermore the diversity of the Bsq forms indicates ancient origin, thus, in this analysis, this ancient word comes from PSC *c(V)hwōlĕ́ 'fox'.
COMMENTS:Cf. PEC *ɦwǝ̄mš_wi. The Bsq-NC match is phonetically perfect (PSC *-m- usually drops out in Bsq, and/or creates a diphthong, from PSC clusters with sibilants), though original semantics are a little unclear. NCED has the general gloss ‘caraway’, though this is the meaning only in Lak, Dargi, and Lezgian, and the older meaning may have been more general (e.g. Tsezi oš 'grass', Tabasaran Dübek haIš-am ‘weed’).
COMMENTS:There is dialectal variation of -rc- / -śt-, as in *borc / *bośt 'five' (q.v.), *ɦorci / *ɦośti ‘sky, storm’ (q.v.), and some other words. This appears to be an old morphological alternation, later formalized as dialectal. Leizarraga (16 c.) recorded {halsarrak} 'entrañas', which appears to be another permutation of this root (i.e., halśar̄, dissimilated < *ɦerśa-r̄).
COMMENTS:*ɦelder̄ appears to come from *ɦerde-r̄, by dissimilation; BZK adur by a different dissimilation. Cf. PNC *ɦămƛ̣ă 'sweat'. Bsq *lirdi (q.v.) is a distinct word that has blended with this one to some extent. The GIP variant < (fossilized prefix) *be=/*bi= + *ɦelder̄. Cf. also Bsq *ɦerdo-il 'blight. rust'.
COMMENTS:Evidence for nasal only in RNC. Michelena (1961) reconstructs *enazur; but nasality in RNC may sometimes have other explanations. Cf. PEC *HɨśɨwV(-ɫī) 'side' ('rib' in Tsezian).
COMMENTS:Cf. PNC *jimχ_wĂ 'river', with a change of PSC *-mχw- > Bsq *-b-: cf. the change of PSC *-mGw- to Bsq -b- in *ho[g]i > hobi 'gums' (q.v.). The archaic ibaso (*ɦiba-śo) is a formation parallel to Bsq *i=ća-śo ‘sea’ (q.v.).
